In 2015 in Paris, countries from around the world agreed to accelerate the decarbonization of their economies in response to climate change. [emphasis, links added]
According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), implementation of the Paris Agreement over the past decade has been a runaway success story, moving the world away from what would have been a global catastrophe.
At the opening of COP30 earlier this month, U.N. Climate Change Executive Secretary Simon Stiell hailed the purported achievements of the initiative:
Over three decade [sic] ago in Rio, humanity set a new course of global climate cooperation. Ten years ago, in Paris, we took a major step forward. Without that act of collective courage, we would still be headed for an impossible future of unchecked heating, of up to 5 degrees. Because of it, the curve has bent below 3°C – still perilous, but proof that climate cooperation works.
The media amplified the victory lap.
Take, for instance, CNN’s reporting on the summit:
Ten years ago, humanity was burning so much fossil fuel that Earth was on track to overheat by a catastrophic 4 degrees Celsius by century’s end. But then came Paris, when nearly 200 nations agreed to wean themselves off of oil, gas, and coal; protect more nature; and hold the global warming line at 1.5 [degrees Celsius]. The Paris Accords led to innovation and market forces that now make sun, wind, and storage cheaper and more popular than ever.
The world was headed for a climate apocalypse, and thanks to climate advocacy and an international agreement, the worst has been avoided. We simply need to stay the course to finish the job.
That’s the story that climate advocates and the media are now telling about global climate policy. Unfortunately, that narrative is not rooted in reality.
More than 30 years after the Rio Earth Summit, international and national climate policies may have done many things—such as encouraging the redirection of investments toward low-carbon technologies and pushing countries to report on their emissions reduction targets—but accelerating the pace of global decarbonization is not among them, no matter what tall tales are told.
The UNFCCC shared the graph below to illustrate what it describes as the remarkable success of the Paris Agreement.
The black line shows historical greenhouse gas emissions, while the red cone shows how those emissions were projected to increase dramatically after 2015. The blue cone showing a decrease in emissions represents where the world appears to be headed today, with emissions peaking and then declining.
The large gap between the two projections, the UNFCCC asserts, is the direct result of policies implemented under the Paris Agreement.
In reality, however, the differences between the two forecasts reflect the simple fact that the red cone represents erroneous projections, while the blue cone represents a more updated understanding of where we are headed.
The story here is that extreme emissions projections were well off track, and real-world data pointed to a much more moderate future. Spinning that course correction as the result of policy success is not supported by the evidence.
Understanding the misinformation at play here requires a bit of a journey into the details of climate scenarios.
The UNFCCC explains that the red cone in the graph above represents the high and low boundaries of emissions scenarios projecting where the world was allegedly heading before the Paris Agreement.
The scenarios are part of a larger group of scenarios developed since 2005 that underpins most climate research seeking to project future climate change and its impacts, and serve as the basis for the scientific assessments of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
While these projections represented emissions futures that may have seemed plausible several decades ago, scenario experts have known for a while now that the core assumptions underlying them have been proven wrong.
The error across emissions scenarios rested on the premise that “long-run growth in future world energy demand must rely on increasing levels of per-capita coal use,” according to pioneering research by Justin Ritchie and Hadi Dowlatabadi in 2017.
Coal is by far the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel; thus, projections that assume a dramatic expansion of coal energy into the 21st century will necessarily result in extreme carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
But Ritchie and Dowlatabadi explained that the presumption of rapidly increasing coal consumption was inconsistent with energy system trends, based on an untested theory, and repeated errors in energy system forecasts from decades past.
Back in 2017, Ritchie and Dowlatabadi’s analysis may have been debatable. However, by 2020, the evidence that the real world was not following coal-intensive trajectories was undeniable.
That year, I was part of a team of researchers, including Ritchie, that compared scenario emissions projections to real-world trends and near-term energy outlooks. We found that Ritchie and Dowlatabadi’s analysis held up, concluding that the trajectory of actual CO2 emissions was far below the extreme climate scenarios based on booming coal consumption.
A robust consensus has developed around this view, with most projections of future climate change suggesting that with current policies, the world is headed in the direction of a 2° to 3°Celsius increase over preindustrial values by 2100—a far cry from the 4- to 5-degree or more increase envisioned under extreme scenarios that we now know were wrong.
The emissions scenario course-correction is well understood today by climate experts. However, the temptation has been strong to spin the course correction [in relation to] the Paris Agreement.
For instance, recent reports from the New York Times and Axios commit this logical fallacy by relying on the International Energy Agency’s coal-intensive scenarios in their projections of “where we were going.”1
We now know that we were never going there.
A much better way to evaluate the possible effects of the Paris Agreement on decarbonization is to look at real-world data, rather than to compare how speculative projections have changed.
The visual below shows the decarbonization of the global economy (that is, CO2 emissions from fossil fuels per unit of global GDP) from 1992 to 2024. There is simply no evidence of an acceleration in this metric, which would necessarily follow from an increasing pace of decarbonization, whether driven by the Paris Agreement or anything else.
In fact, comparing the eight years that led up to Paris to the eight years that followed shows no change in global decarbonization.
At the national level, the United Arab Emirates, Brazil, and Saudi Arabia were the countries that saw the fastest acceleration of the decarbonization of their economies, which was more than canceled out by the slowing decarbonization of China, Russia, and Indonesia.
The United States saw essentially no change between the two periods.
To achieve deep decarbonization, or the reduction of total emissions by more than 80 percent by 2050, would require rates of decarbonization exceeding eight percent per year, every year.
The world is currently decarbonizing at about two percent per year, with no signs of progress toward that eight percent benchmark. In fact, no country has ever sustained a rate of decarbonization even approaching 8 percent per year.
These are sobering numbers that illustrate just how challenging it is to transform the global energy economy. Effective policymaking will depend upon our willingness to hear these hard truths rather than be comforted by falsehoods.
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The Honest Broker is written by climate expert Roger Pielke Jr and is reader-supported. If you value what you have read here, please consider subscribing and supporting the work that goes into it.
