Kandahalagalaa is an atoll in the Maldives where drill holes show that sea levels rose and fell like a yoyo well before humans started to emit carbon dioxide in the Industrial Revolution.
Sea level changes were obviously unrelated to human activities. Drilling showed that the atoll thrived each time sea level rose. [emphasis, links added]
Scientific work nearly 200 years ago showed that as sea level rises, coral atolls grow bigger and the Ellice Islands (now Tuvalu) were used as an example.
It was at Funafuti that Professor Sir Edgeworth David’s drill holes in 1896 to 1898 validated the theories of coral atoll growth by Charles Lyell and Charles Darwin.
The work of Lyell, Darwin, and Edgeworth David was validated by 1954 to 1958 drilling of the Bikini Atoll and was validated yet again using satellite imagery that showed that most of the 1,100 Indian and Pacific Ocean atolls have increased in size over the last 40 years.
Sea level measurements at Tuvalu over the last 30 years show no sea level rise. Drilling, satellite imagery and sea level measurements show that no atoll island nation is being inundated.
Experiments cooking up lava with gases such as water vapor or carbon dioxide at high temperatures and pressures show that some common gases lower both the melting and freezing points of lava.
The lava type that characterizes the Pacific Ring of Fire (andesite) can dissolve a large amount of water vapor and almost no carbon dioxide or other gases.
As lava rises, the pressure of the dissolved water increases, steam flashes, expands instantaneously and is suddenly and catastrophically released from the lava at a shallow depth.
A column of pulverized rock, fine glassy needles of instantly frozen lava (‘ash’), and steam are blasted high into the atmosphere.
Such eruptions are common in the Andes, Central America, the Rockies, the Japanese island arc (Mt Fuji), Papua New Guinea (Rabaul), Indonesia (Krakatoa), and the Mediterranean (Vesuvius).
At Santorini in Greece, there was a massive eruption in 1,600 BC as a result of Africa pushing wet Mediterranean sea-floor sediments deep beneath Europe.
The high temperature, high pressure, and saturation with water at depth induced melting. Seawater also entered the mass of molten rock beneath Santorini.
The lighter molten rock charged with huge amounts of water in solution started to rise to the surface and rising lava elbowed aside other rocks resulting in earthquakes.
Choking sulfurous gas was released. As the lava rose, the weight of overlying rocks became lower.
There was a sudden, catastrophic expansion and release of steam from the lava resulting in a massive explosive eruption producing an ash cloud that was blasted 25 km into the atmosphere.
Ash particles created internal bleeding of the lungs and people drowned in their own blood. The lungs of people and their animals became lithified, many died from poisoning by sulfurous fumes, tsunamis up to scores of meters high swept across the eastern Mediterranean, crops were covered in a thick layer of volcanic ash and heavy rain triggered by ash particles in the air led to mudflows and flooding.
Some 30 cubic kilometers of Santorini was pulverized into ash that fell as thick layers in and around the Mediterranean and as thin layers on the polar ice caps.
The Minoan Empire was destroyed. It was the Santorini eruption that changed the course of Western civilisation leading to the rise of the Mycenæans and Athenians.
After the April 1815 eruption of Tambora (Indonesia), the following year was ‘the year without summer’ globally. It was dark, cold and wet. …
The underwater eruption from the Pacific Ocean volcano in Tonga called Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai occurred on 15 January 2022. NASA published satellite time-lapse footage showing a column of water rising 50 km to the stratosphere.
The volume of water that entered the stratosphere was 10 percent of all the water in the stratosphere.
As a result, Eastern Australia had numerous rain bombs in 2022 and 2023. Elsewhere in the world, there were rain bombs and large snowfalls.
The water and volcanic ash from Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai will remain in the atmosphere for years while it does laps around the planet and eventually falls to Earth.
Small subaerial eruptions such as Tambora (1815), Krakatoa (1883), Pinatubo (1991), Kasatochi (2008), and Calbuco (2015) cooled the Earth because the ash and water rose to only 25 km in the atmosphere where it reflected light and heat resulting in short-term cooling.
By contrast, the massive volume of water from Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai rose to an altitude of 50 km and created a temporary warming effect due to the trapping of heat.
Most andesite volcanoes such as those in the Pacific Ring of Fire pulverize and eject about 30 cubic kilometers of rock. Supervolcanoes eject thousands of cubic kilometers of rock.
During the last glaciation, the eruption of Toba (Indonesia) 73,000 years ago blasted 3,000 cubic kilometers of pulverized rock into the atmosphere. …
Every slight variation in natural events is now blamed on ‘climate change’. All settled, no argument.
If the science of climate change is settled, then there is no reason for taxpayers to fund climate research any longer.
Normal geological processes in the oceans that were documented nearly 200 years ago are now evidence of a climate crisis.
Monstrous volcanic eruptions that produce climate and weather changes have been well-documented since Adam was a boy.
Heavy rain, with the resultant flooding and snow, we are now told is evidence of a human-induced climate catastrophe, and the possibility of a natural phenomenon is not even considered by the hysterical green-tinged media.
Massive wildfires are due to sinful Westerners emitting plant food [CO2] while arsonists, sparking machines, and fallen power lines don’t enter the equation.
Read full post at Spectator AU
Weather patterns are often attributed to El Nino and La Nina .
A shift from one to the other is often measured in a fraction of a Celsius degree, depending on who is making the call eg Japan differs from the USA. One influence is the strength of the westerly winds at the equator. When they are strong, the ocean is pushed toward the warm western Pacific. When the western wind abates, that warmed water sloshes back eastward. Lately, attention has turned to submarine volcanic activity as a factor. Tectonic plates don’t shift smoothly. The Ring of Fire follows the edges where the plates overlap. Warmer water rises. The effect should not be dismissed.
In 1980 when the IPCC was founded, it was believed that 80% of all volcanism was on the land and that that there were no more than 10000 volcanoes and vents (fumaroles) beneath the oceans – mostly inactive. More recent surveys have documented 201055 volcanic cones on the sea floor – 5000 of them being active – given the small area and length of fault lines explored this can be extrapolated to as many as 3.5 million volcanoes – we know more about the surface of Mars & the Moon.
By 2017 6% was mapped out improving to 19% by 2020
https://principia-scientific.org/one-fifth-of-earths-ocean-floor-is-now-mapped-out/
https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/03/08/positive-water-feedback-not-found-in-the-mt-pinatubo-eruption/
This from the mission which hopes to completely map the seafloor by 2030.
This from the Wikipedia entry :-
“The total number of submarine volcanoes is estimated to be over 1 million, of which some 75 000 rise more than 1 km above the seabed.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_volcano
NOW HEAR THIS! A Richard Greene has tallied up the world’s active volcanoes and concludes that “THERE AREN’T MANY” .
Richard Greene says that THE EFFECTS OF UNDERSEA VOLCANOES ARE NOT KNOWN but likely to be small. Richard Greene doesn’t know how many submarine volcanoes exist, how many are active, but dismisses their effect as “likely to be small”
Melting of the West Antarctic ice shelf is SMALL? Then why do others make a big deal of it? Volcanoes and thermal vents are HOT, RICHARD. The RING OF FIRE is anything but SMALL. How many Islands were created by VOLCANOES? Insignificant? Maybe to those who chose to vilify and focus on carbon dioxide.
That was quite a burst of verbal flatulence, SonnyHill
Scientists claim The total number of submarine volcanoes is estimated to be over one million (most are now extinct) of which some 75,000 rise more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) above the seabed. Only 119 submarine volcanoes in Earth’s oceans and seas are known to have erupted during the last 11,700 years.
I claim these numberare wild guesses.
THERE IS NO WAY TO KNOW THE HEAT OUTPUT OF UNDERSEAS VOLCANOES OR WHETHER THAT HEAT OUTPUT HAS BEEN INCREASING OR DECREASING. The heat from any individual underseas volcano is insignificant relative to the total heat content of the oceans,
Use of CAPS Lock has changed someone’s mind said nobody ever.
It seems I’ve hit a nerve.
Yes, seems you did. He has drunk so much of the koolaid there’s not much reason to engage with him since facts don’t mean anything to him–it’s a cult with people like him.
Volcanos have bigger effect on the weather t hen dose all the Backyard BBQ’s and SUV,s then you think
ON LAND VOLCANOES TYPICALLY CAUSE TEMPORARY GLOBAL COOLING.
THERE ARE NOT MANY ACTIVE VOLCANOES ON THIS PLANET.
THE EFFECTS OF UNDERSEAS VOLCANOES ARE NOT KNOWN.but likely to be small.
The Antarctic Peninsula alone contains 500 volcanoes, most of these are active. You are right that the number of undersea volcanoes is not known, but it is estimated that there are almost a million undersea volcanoes and volcanic vents.
very few underseas volcanoes are active and few active underseas volcanoes were discovered before the 1990s.
The Antarctica active underseas volcanoes melt local ares OF THE ICE SHELVES, BUT BARELY AFFECT THE TOTAL ANTARCTICA ICE MASS.
There are no data for total heat output or total CO2 output from nderseas volcanoes. the heat can not even be measured at 100 yards from an active underseas volcano so most likely could not affect the ocean surface temperature enough to be measured.
The trend of underseas volcano heat releases is unknown. Could be increasing or decreasing No one knows.
The trend of discovering new underseas volcanoes, almost all of which are currently inactive, is increasing.
I did mention undersea volcanoes, but when I referred to Antarctica having 500 volcanoes most of which are active, I was referring to surface volcanoes. The volcanoes on the Antarctic Peninsula have become more active in the past 50 years.
When I talked about undersea volcanoes, I was using a reference that is a few years old. Ken Irwin post shows the undersea numbers are large, including 5,000 active volcanoes discovered so far.
I’m patiently waiting for an explanation of why the supposed effect of the January 2022 underseas volcano caused no obvious effect on the global average temperature until July and August 2023, which were hot months. An 18 month delay makes no sense. That means the effect of that volcano on the average temperature was either too small to measure or small enough to be overlooked.
Is that truly the case, or was the simply no reporting of, either the eruption (only heard about it within the last month) or was the media coverage badly lacking?
The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 caused global cooling in 1992.
I don’t know about temperature but New Zealand has suffered unusual torrential rainfall, cyclones and flooding well before July 2023. The weather fronts causing these disruptions were coming from the north as opposed to the normal south west.
Richard,
You asked the same question on 8/14/2023. I provided the answer below. Perhaps you didn’t read it.
One possible explanation for the delay in warming is sulfate aerosols. These last 1 to 3 years in the upper atmosphere. They have a cooling effect by reflecting sun light back into space. Should the Tonga eruption have had enough sulfates, the cooling effect would off set the warming of the water. As the sulfates dissipate, they would no longer mitigate the warming from the water, which remains for much longer.
No one disputes that water in the upper atmosphere has a warming effect. We had a major injection of water from the Tonga eruption. Now we have an extra warm summer. If delay was not caused by sulfates, then it is reasonable that there was another cause.
Others commenting on this web site have pointed out that a delay from an eruption to the impact on climate is not unusual.
Stilla poor explantion.
Sulfate production was small for this underseas volcano
Water vapor production was unusually large
Any warming from the water vapor should have overwhelmed sulfate cooling and should have been visible in the GLOBAL average temperature the next month. It was not. It took 18 months to have two hot monts in a row (UAH data), There was no 18 month lag — that is a fantasy. The volcano effects were exaggerated by people who are desperate to blame global warming on anything but CO2. Which is just as bad as blaming everything on CO2.
According to Wikipedia, 60% of the greenhouse effect is attributed to water vapour, 26% to CO2. There is considerable overlap in the infrared spectrum absorbed by water vapour and CO2, but CO2 absorbs a sliver of infrared that water vapour doesn’t. Water changing between liquid , gas and ice in the atmosphere is Earth’s real thermostat. Carbon dioxide is a pip-squeak player, except as plant food where it rocks and rules.
Your lungs may contain 40,000 ppm of carbon dioxide, 100 times atmospheric. It’s not toxic unless the concentration dilutes oxygen to the point of asphyxiation.
Mt. Pinatubo exploded in June, 1991. It wasn’t until September 1992 that Sonnyhill’s crop froze. This is not a statement of philosophy but an observation of a real world event. The main eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia was on April 10, 1815. The “year without a summer” caused by the eruption wasn’t until 1816. That is about the same delay as the Tonga eruption. Such delays are common and can’t be used to explain away that this year’s warm summer is most likely caused by the eruption.
Huge volcanoes can cause troposphere cooling for a year or two from SO2 emissions and ash blocking some sunlight. That has nothing to do with water vapor added to the stratosphere from an underseas volcano.
The Tonga eruption increased the upper atmosphere water vapor by 13%. Water is a potent green house gas. There has to have been an increase in temperature from the added water vapor. There are any number of reasons that there was a delay, but we have an obvious cause and effect.