
A 2007 math proofs study that asserted a global mean temperature does not exist in reality (because a temperature average can only be defined in equilibrium systems) has never been disproved. [emphasis, links added]
For example, determining whether a cup of coffee is warming or cooling – and by how much – is entirely dependent on the averaging formula one arbitrarily chooses.
In the study, four averaging methods were chosen to assess the change in the average coffee temperature over time.
All four were shown to yield different warming versus cooling results.

A new study reopens this debate by reasserting there are “infinite ways to average temperature.”
The averaging method chosen in modern “climate science” is arbitrary, non-physical, and yields fundamentally different results than other methods.
“Each method produces different numerical results and different [average temperature] trends over time.”

A 2020 study illustrating this unheralded statistical problem fundamental to modern “climate science” pointed out that a large volume of scientists had calculated the global average surface temperature as ranging from 14.0 to 15.1°C (57.2 to 59.2°F) from 1877 to 1913, or approximately 14.5°C (58.1°F).
And yet, according to calculations from HadCRUT4, NASA GISS, and Berkeley Earth, the global mean temperature was 14.4°C (57.9°F), 14.5°C (58.1°F), and 14.5°C (58.1°F), respectively, from 1991–2018.
In other words, it can be shown that there has been “no change for the past 100 years” in the global mean temperature.

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