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Spotty coverage: Climate models underestimate cooling effect of clouds

by Princeton University
January 10, 2018, 10:50 AM
in News and Opinion
Reading Time: 4 mins read
A A
2

Princeton University researchers have found that the climate models scientists use to project future conditions on our planet underestimate the cooling effect that clouds have on a daily—and even hourly—basis, particularly over land.

The researchers report in the journal Nature Communications Dec. 22 that models tend to factor in too much of the sun’s daily heat, which results in warmer, drier conditions than what might actually occur.

The researchers found that inaccuracies in accounting for the diurnal, or daily, cloud cycle did not seem to invalidate climate projections, but they did increase the margin of error for a crucial tool scientists use to understand how climate change will affect us.

“It’s important to get the right result for the right reason,” said corresponding author Amilcare Porporato, a professor of civil and environmental engineering and the Princeton Environmental Institute.

“These errors can trickle down into other changes, such as projecting fewer and weaker storms. We hope that our results are useful for improving how clouds are modeled, which would improve the calibration of climate models and make the results much more reliable.”

Porporato and first author Jun Yin, a postdoctoral research associate in civil and environmental engineering, found that not accurately capturing the daily cloud cycle has the sun bombarding Earth with an extra 1-2 watts of energy per square meter.

The increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere since the start of the Industrial Age is estimated to produce an extra 3.7 watts of energy per square meter. “The error here is half of that, so in that sense it becomes substantial,” Porporato said.

Yin and Porporato undertook their study after attending a seminar on cloud coverage and climate sensitivity.

“The speaker talked a lot about where the clouds are, but not when,” Yin said. “We thought the timing was just as important and we were surprised to find there were fewer studies on that.”

Clouds change during the day and from day-to-day. Climate models do a good job of capturing the average cloud coverage, Yin said, but they miss important peaks in actual cloud coverage.

These peaks can have a dramatic effect on daily conditions, such as in the early afternoon during the hottest part of the day.

“Climate scientists have the clouds, but they miss the timing,” Porporato said. “There’s a strong sensitivity between the daily cloud cycle and temperature. It’s like a person putting on a blanket at night or using a parasol during the day. If you miss that, it makes a huge difference.”

The researchers used satellite images from 1986-2005 to calculate the average diurnal cycles of clouds in each season worldwide.

Yin analyzed the cloud coverage at three-hour intervals, looking at more than 6,000 points on the globe measuring 175 miles by 175 miles each.

Yin and Porporato compared the averages they came up with to those from nine climate models used by climate scientists.

The majority of models have the thickest coverage occurring in the morning over the land rather than in the early afternoon when clouds shield the Earth from the sun’s most intense heat.

“A small difference in timing can have a big radiative impact,” Yin said.

The researchers plan to explore the effect different types of clouds have on climate-model projections, as well as how cloud cycles influence the year-to-year variation of Earth’s temperature, especially in relation to extreme rainfall.

Gabriel Katul, professor of hydrology and micrometeorology at Duke University, said that “the significance is quite high” of accurately modeling the daily cloud cycle. Katul was not involved in the research but is familiar with it.

The cloud cycle can indicate deficiencies in the characterization of surface heating and atmospheric water vapor, both of which are necessary for cloud formation, he said.

Both factors also govern how the lowest portion of Earth’s atmosphere—known as the atmospheric boundary layer—interacts with the planet’s surface.

“The modeling of boundary-layer growth and collapse is fraught with difficulties because it involves complex processes that must be overly simplified in climate models,” Katul said. “So, exploring the timing of cloud formation and cloud thickness is significant at the diurnal scale precisely because those timescales are the most relevant to boundary-layer dynamics and surface-atmosphere heat and water-vapor exchange.”

When it comes to clouds, climate models have typically focused on mechanisms, spatial areas and timescales—such as air pollution and microphysics, hundreds of square kilometers, and seasons, respectively—that are larger and more generalized, Katul said.

“There are practical reasons why data-model comparisons were conducted in a manner that masked the diurnal variation in clouds,” he said. “Diurnal variation was somewhat masked by the fact that much of the climate-model performance was reported over longer-term and larger-scale averages.”

By capturing the timing and thickness of the daily cloud cycle on a global scale, however, Yin and Porporato have provided scientists with a tool for confirming if climate models aptly portray cloud formation and the interaction between clouds and the atmosphere.

“The global coverage and emphasis on both ‘timing’ and ‘amount’ are notable. As far as I am aware, this is the first study to explore this manifold of models in such a coherent way,” Katul said. “I am sure this type of work will offer new perspectives to improve the representation of clouds. I would not be surprised to see this paper highly cited in future IPCC [U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] reports.”

The paper, “Diurnal cloud cycle biases in climate models,” was published online Dec. 22 by Nature Communications.

Read more at Phys.org

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Comments 2

  1. richardcfromnz says:
    8 years ago

    Porporato >”….not accurately capturing the daily cloud cycle has the sun bombarding Earth with an extra 1-2 watts of energy per square meter.The increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere since the start of the Industrial Age is estimated to produce an extra 3.7 watts of energy per square meter”

    Here lies the underlying falsehood in the man-made climate change conjecture.

    Radiation from sunlight (UV-A/B, Vis, IR-A/B) is the heating agent on surface materials, predominantly water. IR-A/B does the bulk of the heating e.g. solar collectors and ocean. The heating effect of UV is much different (less) due to radiation-matter “tuning” (think dermis and epidermis of human skin).

    Terrestrial radiation from GHGs (IR-C) is NOT a heating agent on surface materials. Effective penetration of water is only about 10 microns and maximum about 100 microns, which is about the thickness of a human hair (Optical Absorption of Water – Hale & Querry 1973, Oceanography Application – Fairall et al 1976). Even in places like Darwin where about 400 W/m2 of terrestrial downwelling IR-C (DLR) is available 24/7, the “apparent” power (it is is not “real” power using the electrical analogy) is not harnessed because it cannot do any heating work.

    This fact and body of science was rejected by the IPCC AR5 Chapter 10 Detection and Attribution authors when presented with it by John McLean in Chapter 10 Expert Review Comments (see online). The IPCC’s anthropogenic attribution of observed ocean heat accumulation, speculated to be by “air-sea fluxes” (i.e. IR-C radiation) without any observational evidence, is therefore scientific fraud.

    The IPCC’s “air-sea fluxes” speculation is also contrary to its own Surface Energy Budget cited in Chapter 2 Observations: Atmosphere (Stephens et al 2012) and the Clausius statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics (“heat does not of itself move from a cold object [atmosphere] to a hot object [surface]”). But the IPCC MUST have the anthropogenic ocean heat attribution to prolong its theory. Without it, their theory is stone dead. Ocean heat is critical to their theory, observed atmosphere+land+ice heat accumulation is negligible as shown in the IPCC’s own Technical Summary:

    IPCC AR5 WG1 Technical Summary TFE.4 Figure 1 (a) and (b) TS TFE.4-1 (a) (b)
    https://www.ipcc.ch/report/graphics/images/Assessment%20Reports/AR5%20-%20WG1/Technical%20Summary/FigTS_TFE.4-1.jpg

    The technical incompetence and arrogance of the IPCC Chapter 10 authors in their dismissal of established science has produced a massive scientific fraud.

  2. Spurwing Plover says:
    8 years ago

    Comupter Models should not to relied upon for accurate data on this Global Warming/Climate Change becuase of the programers intentions of deceiving the public like Al Bore has done with his junk science fake documenties and his fake books as well him and DiCaprio are hypotcrites as well

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