Russia is in the news again. NATO ministers continue to discuss how to upgrade their response capabilities to contain Russia, an increasingly unpredictable neighbor. Pentagon officials advise Congress that Russia is a top military threat. Meanwhile, President Putin ramps up his military modernization.
Could this finally be the end of strong Russia-U.S. cooperation in the one region where our interests have aligned since the end of the Cold War: the Arctic?
One hopes that the answer is no.
There are recent examples of cooperation. In 2011, when both countries recognized that linkages of Arctic natural resources to global markets meant increased marine traffic and, thus, greater maritime risks, they came together and co-led negotiations that resulted in the Arctic Search and Rescue (SAR) Agreement.
In 2013, to protect the region’s fragile ecosystems, Russia, Norway and the U.S. led the preparation of the Arctic Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Agreement, also signed by the eight Arctic states.
Just last month Russian officials participated in an Arctic Coast Guard Forum, meeting with experts in Washington. The U.S. welcomes strong Russian participation in the development of a highly cooperative Arctic Coast Guard Forum. This month, as the U.S. assumes the chairmanship of the Arctic Council — an intergovernmental forum for Arctic governments and peoples — Russia-U.S. cooperation in the Arctic must continue.
Consensus Is Key
While it is impossible for Russia’s military operations in Ukraine not to influence U.S.-Russia relationships, the U.S. must remember that maritime safety, environmental stewardship, research and economic development in the Arctic are important areas of mutual interest and benefit. The two nations need to cooperate closely, as all decisions of the Arctic Council must have the consensus of Russia, the U.S. and six other states.
There are four major reasons to urge cooperation with Russia in the Arctic.
First, the SAR and Oil Response Agreements that have been hailed as a success of Arctic cooperation will be a true success only if the Arctic nations, including Russia, also cooperate on implementation.
Rescue and environmental response both require the presence of infrastructure and assets throughout the Arctic. Russia has been developing a chain of 10 SAR stations along its Northern Sea Route — and also military facilities that worry some U.S. military officials.
Unless both Russia, the U.S., and the six other Arctic states invest in the necessary facilities, manpower, navigational aids and satellite and communications technology, the extensive cooperation that went into negotiating the SAR and Oil Response Agreements will be lost.
Second, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has negotiated a mandatory Polar Code to govern shipping standards for the polar regions. The code will enter into force on Jan. 1, 2017, but implementing the code — and enforcing its standards — will require strong support from both the U.S. and Russia.
To lead the international maritime community, the two nations must be seen to implement the new code in their own territorial waters and across the Bering Strait region.
Third, the Arctic Ocean is a tightly interconnected marine environment, and as the Arctic nations start or ramp up oil and gas exploration, only uniform and cooperative environmental protection standards will ensure appropriate environmental safety.
Environmental Protections
Russian companies are eager to develop their vast oil and gas offshore resources but face challenges operating in Arctic conditions. These challenges provide the U.S. an opportunity to work with Russian companies, and commercial firms across the Arctic, to develop environmental protection standards for prevention and liability mechanisms in response to a spill.
Fourth, the U.S. and Russia share a border. Their cooperation will be required across the entire Arctic, but it is particularly important in the Bering Strait region. The strait, 46 nautical miles wide, has historically seen little international traffic. But with longer seasons of navigation in the Arctic Ocean, that trend is changing.
Although seasonal ice cover, risky waters and uncertain economics may mean that Arctic waterways never rival the Panama or Suez routes, increased traffic in the Bering Strait poses significant safety and environmental concerns.
Without question, strong U.S. leadership in the Arctic coupled with Russian engagement will be needed to make meaningful progress in ensuring maritime safety, improving navigational support and establishing voluntary routing schemes.
And there are new areas for collaboration. The U.S. agenda for its Arctic Council chairmanship includes a desire to promote Arctic research, and there is potential for a new binding agreement among the Arctic states to be signed during 2015-2017.
Although it is impossible for either nation to ignore the challenges and conflicts that they face elsewhere in the world, Russia and the U.S. both have key roles to play in preserving a peaceful Arctic and exhibiting to the world that Arctic cooperation will continue. This is the enduring challenge for the U.S. in its upcoming role as Arctic Council chair.
‚Ä¢ Slayton is research fellow, co-chair and executive director of the Arctic Security Initiative at Stanford’s Hoover Institution.
‚Ä¢ Brigham is distinguished professor of geography and Arctic policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks and a fellow at the Coast Guard Academy’s Center for Arctic Study & Policy.
